Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. Aflame with jealousy, Othello snarls at his innocent wife: "I took you for that cunning whore of Venice/That married with Othello" (4.2.91-92). The elementary school years are a crucial period for addressing issues of prejudice and discrimination because they are a developmental phase, during which children's attitudes and beliefs about different groups are being . The ones with more money, however, had as much freedome as any other white people. We are working through this pandemic helping people in need with delivery. The impact of foreigners on a community or a culture is affected, obviously enough, both by the opportunities for contact and knowledge that exist, and by the framework of assumptions within which information about foreign lands and customs is presented and received. AMBEREEN DADABHOY: We actually know quite a bit about the Black people who were living in London during Shakespeares time. To investigate how attitudes towards plagiarism develop in young children, researchers investigated whether attitudes about copying others varied across American, Mexican and Chinese . That part of how the discourse accrues its powerbecause that power is always historically contingentis in its malleability. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing. It was edited by Gail Kern Paster. One of the things that I understand about how the geography works in informing Othellos construction is that were deep in the eastern Mediterranean with this play; so were moving from Venice to Cyprus. During this time, racism was common. After enduring such challenges on the way to the throne, Elizabeth chose to avoid marriage because it meant giving . Its a power struggle between three kings in 1578. Our cultural values influence how we approach living. The Queen. Now a father may dispose of his inheritance to his children at his pleasure: yea, even disinherit the eldest upon just occasions, and prefer the youngest, according to his liking; make them beggars or rich at his pleasure; restrain, or banish out of his presence, as he finds them give cause of offence, or restore them in favor again with the penitent sinner. Understanding different cultures is more than having an appreciation for our differences, but paving the way for a new world where we all stand together. DADABHOY: Yes. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. In what ways BOGAEV: But interesting that its being skinned. So in loving him, her nature is erring from itself. 1) How did the city of Venice treat people of different cultures and faiths? Kings are justly called gods for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of divine power upon earth. We go back thinking about the Middle Ages and the popularity of certain kinds of romance forms. of your Kindle email address below. Ben Lauer is the web producer. Then concern they but a few. During the Elizabethan time there where many differences from now a days. DADABHOY: Yeah. In the play hes called Muly Mahamet Seth or Muly Seth. Home to the worlds largest Shakespeare collection, the Folger is dedicated to advancing knowledge and the arts. Well, is it that theres a negro Moor and then just Moors? BOGAEV: So, institutionalized? Ben Lauer is the web producer, with help from Leonor Fernandez. On the contrary, the male is more ready to help, and, as it hath been said, more brave than the female; and . Race and Blackness in Elizabethan England. The role of the husband is one of authority and . Blackness working in concert with villainy, untrustworthiness, fit for servitude, But also a warning, right? on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. BOGAEV: When you were coming up in the academy, you know, when you were writing your dissertation, were you coming up against the old way of teaching Shakespeare? The Elizabethan attitudes were generally positive but towards many of the things we still debate today had different points of view. There were two types of poor in Elizabethan England. Is it a similar depiction of otherness to what we see in these plays? I would say that it has a lot to do with skin color. The period with which we are concerned here - let us say the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries - is well known as one in which the amount of scientific information about the world increased dramatically. The common wealth is judged by that which is most ordinarily and commonly done through the whole realm. The first component is based on the knowledge we acquire and feel confident about the fact that we are educated on that subject and can present someone with the relevant information. Explicit attitudes towards emotional expression of Chinese were stronger than that of European Americans, p < .001, d = 0.86, 95%CI[0.93, 0.37].Compared to European Americans, Chinese believed emotional expression was a less positive regulatory strategy. 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For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions In earth he hath aligned and appointed kings, princes, with other governors under thern, in all good and necessary order. In fact, even the Medieval Church had reminded parents of their duty to consider their children's inclinations in marriage arrangements. BOGAEV: So is it a kind of deliberate colorblind notion? Many ideas surrounding the change and evolved over the centuries, ideas such as the views towards education and the impact of the industrial revolution on westerns societies views towards childhood, due to the limited space, this essay will focus on two underlying issues . It was introduced to ensure that the poor relief was collected to help the poor. In relation to the changing ideas about childhood over the centuries, there are several points of discussion that arise. . Elizabeth's reign was seen as a 'golden age' of culture, with theatre becoming popular across all of society, and it's also when . I mean such fathers of families as were the lineal heirs of those families whereof kings did originally come, for kings had their first original from them who planted and spread themselves in colonies through the world. Then enter the name part Performance, advertising, and Anglo-Maghrebi diplomacy in Restoration and Augustan LondonEarly 18th-century London theater audiences paid close attention to the ambassadors from the Maghreb who occasionally joined them as spectators. When she chose to show herself to her subjects she glittered with jewels and gold like an icon. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. The Elizabethans were very patriotic and inclined to distant foreigners, especially from about 1570 onwards when the pope excommunicating Elizabeth, and declared it was not . And also directed at slaves? View Test Prep - Question and Links from ENGL 1101 at Middle Georgia State University. I think there has been a resistance to thinking about how enslavement has been the engine for all of the glories of the European Renaissance and the sort of discoveries of the early modern period, and what then resulted in the kind of ascendency of Europe over the rest of the world. This was partly due to their lack of understanding and knowledge of other cultures. Speaking to colonialism and power and geopolitics in the play, Venice and Cyprus are very important to the action. A lot of the scholarship about it talks about, how in this play, we have white Moors and we have Blackamoors, and that the fact that we have all of these kinds of Moors suggests that race, as we understand it in terms of the symbolic loading of meaning onto skin, is not present in this play. Deepen your understanding of his works and their cultural influence. For example, questions such as the following might sound natural to you: Edward Gosynhill, "Schole house of women," c. 1542: A popular and well-known diatribe against the vanity, talkativeness, extravagance, faithlessness, and general frailty of women from Eve to Jezebel. So you dont have a whole kind of. Feature Flags: { In the early modern period, we had lots of forms of corporal punishment and, sort of, the display of the heads of traitors and things like that on the walls of the city. Cross-cultural differences in explicit attitudes towards emotion regulation. So were he a foolish father that would disinherit or destroy his children without a cause, or leave off the careful education of them. It is not something that is fixed. BOGAEV: Hes internalized, yes, those in power, their way of thinking of his own Blackness. What this study adds to existing knowledge To the best of our . Those are all the kind of competing forces that are playing upon him. For where there is no right order, there reigneth all abuse, carnal liberty, enormity, sin, and Babylonical confusion. Wherefore women are more compassionate and more readily made to weep, more jealous and querulous, more fond of railing, and more contentious The female also is more subject to depression of spirits and despair than the male. John Knox, "The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women," 1558: Nature, I say, doth paint them forth to be weak, frail, impatient, feeble, and foolish, and experience hath declared them to be unconstant, variable, cruel, and lacking the spirit of counsel and regiment. DADABHOY: There is so much misinformation and theres also just thinking regionally, right? During the Elizabethan Age, people were able to know the class of one another from what they were wearing. The people of England believed themselves to be far superior and treated others with indignity and pity. Plagiarism attitudes common across cultures. And so those are the moments where we can put pressure and see how race is being mobilized to make it very clear that this is the villain and hes a villain because of his Blackness and his Africanness. DADABHOY: Sure. whether this influence is linked to different cultural attitudes towards money or the institution al, legal, political and social context specific to each country. It requires understanding all of the kinds of violences that enabled these empires to exist. It would be in her nature to love someone who was from her own culture. Jane Anger, "Jane Anger her Protection for Women," 1589: Responds to attacks on women through an old-fashioned recital of man's iniquity and woman's virtues. When facing differences between the company and foreign cultures, different people have different attitudes which can be listed as being ethnocentric, polycentric, and geocentric. WITMORE: Dr. Ambereen Dadabhoy is an assistant professor of literature at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California. His presentation of women was depend ent upon the thinking of the society surrounding him. BARBARA BOGAEV: Id like to start with talking about what the Black presence was in London in Shakespeares time. Her chapter in the Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race is called Barbarian Moors: Documenting Racial Formation in Early Modern England. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race was published by Cambridge University Press in 2021. Marriage allowed them social status and children. It must be because Im Black that she is now unfaithful to me, right? Culture is everything that describes a particular group of people.The group can be; a family, a religious group, or people from a different town, neighbourhood, country, or city.It can also be people who share a similar ethnic background, life dynamics, or work culture. So, is that the origins of racial thinking? Its based on current events at the time. And here is a good guy. I had a preconceived notion of what I was going to find. Well, now we do have a fuller picture of the context for Othello. I feel this very strongly every time I see the play performed, that it just doesnt work for me. Dr. Dadabhoy researches the role of identity and difference in literature, and she has a chapter in the monumental, new Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race thats called Barbarian Moors: Documenting Racial Formation in Early Modern England.. The duties of husband and wife were explicitly defined and expected to be followed by both men and women. Is that how you see it? 4. "In Elizabethan England one's clothing provided an observer with instant knowledge of one's social status." (Sonia) People were very judgmental of . Generations of Christians throughout the whole world have been consumed . Thanks for listening. What does each place represent? Its in the room with me, not just because of who I am, but because of the play that Ive chosen to teach. DADABHOY: Yes. Gender roles during the Elizabethan era limited the roles of women. Then after this battle, we have a new king, who is al-Mansur. And these notable faults have men in all ages espied in that kind, for the which not only they have removed women from rule and auhority, but also some have thought that men subject to the counsel or empire of their wives were unworthy of all public office. Dr. Dadabhoy was interviewed by Barbara Bogaev. Is one white and one not white? A culture is passed on to the next generation by learning, whereas genetics are passed on by heredity.Culture is seen in people's writing, religion, music, clothes, cooking and in what they do.. For the Folger Shakespeare Library, Im Folger Director Michael Witmore. And our testaments for goods moveable be not subject to the ceremonies of the civil law, but made with all liberty and freedom. Of lands as ye have understood before, there is difference: for when the owner dieth, his land descendeth only to his eldest son, all the rest both sons and daughters have nothing by the common law, but must serve their eldest brother if they will, or make what other shift they can to live: except that the father in life time do make some conveyance and estates of part of his land to their use, or else by devise, which word amongst our lawyers doth betoken a testament written, sealed, and delivered in the life time of the testator before witness: for without those ceremonies a bequest of lands is not available. What was the framework of assumptions concerning foreigners? The types of attitude in psychology that is often stated are. And to the king is due both the affection of the soul and the service of the body of his subjects. As for the father of a family, they had of old under the law of nature patriam potestatem [ancestral power], which was potestatem vitae et necis [power of life and death] over their children or family. I think there is a preconceived notion for people who dont go deep into the scholarship on race. The Jews were not allowed . Furthermore, women of the Elizabethan era had virtually no legal nor political rights. If were talking about the imperial contest between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, and if Venice is supposed to stand for Europe and the Ottoman Empire is supposed to stand for the dangerous eastern Other, then we see in Cyprus how one is endangered by being in close proximity to that dangerous Other. Away from the luxury of the monarchy in the Elizabethan era, life for ordinary people was often hard and the number of poor people increased during Elizabeth's . Presumption is our natural and original infirmity. It is through the vanity of the same imagination that he dare equal himself to God, that he ascribeth divine conditions unto himself, that he selecteth and separateth himself from out the rank of other creatures; to which his fellow brethren and compeers, he cuts out and shareth their parts and allotteth them what portions of means or forces he thinks good. But then, when I read it and I noticed the frequency of the use of negro, I felt that something was happening here, right? 2021 May;56(3):609-619. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12617. For Elizabethan era women of noble birth, education included knowledge of several languages, including Latin, Greek, Italian, and French. Then when we finally see Othello, he is of course so different from what we have been led to believe by Iago. Now, when we talk about Atlantic slavery, we are talking about a related but also, kind of different kind and form of enslavement. You had Moroccan African people in London. Queen Elizabeth was at the top of the social pyramid. Leonor Fernandez edits our transcripts. Because your work, it really puts a different spin on Othello, and it also puts such a different spin on the traditional thinking about The Renaissance, with a capital T and a capital R. I mean as you put it in your essay, Empires built on exploitation, on bondage, on enslavement, on genocide of Indigenous people, and you ask in that same paragraph, How can we have this glorious, early modern period if its also implicated in all of those things? How do you answer that question? The Elizabethan Era, during which Shakespeare lived and wrote, is also known for Sir Francis Drake's exploration of the "new world," the English defeat of the Spanish Armada (a naval campaign to invade and bring Roman Catholicism back to England), Sir Walter Raleigh's colonial exploration, the blossoming of theatre and poetry in England . Different Attitudes Toward Disclosure In some cultures, it is not appropriate to be frank about emotions, about the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding, or about personal information. Eurocentric views that African men are barbaric, illiterate, promiscuous studs (good enough only to be used in servitude as the white man's property) have been perpetuated through time and space. During this era, social advancement for women was almost impossible. But its one that a cadre of younger scholars is diving into these daysbuilding upon work done by the pioneering Black feminist and premodern critical race scholars who came before them. All rights reserved. I think Othello falls into that trap too, when he begins to doubt Desdemonas love for him and one of the thingsor her fidelity, when he talks about how nature erring from itself in terms of talking about Desdemonas. So Im really thinking about the way that the play opens not with Othello, but with Iago and Roderigo shaping for us how we should interpret the Moor and Othello, and really relying on lurid imagery of Othellos sexuality and the kind of potential violation of Desdemona that they conjure for Brabantio. Right? . DADABHOY: For me, I think that the play asks us to think about how Blackness is actively being constructed by characters who have power in order to influence how we understand race. This hath been some time used within the realm before any open war in sudden insurrections and rebellions, but that not allowed of wise and grave men, who in that their judgment had consideration of the consequence and example, as much as of the present necessity, especially, when by any means the punishment might have been done by order of law. BOGAEV: Wow. Critical Race Conversations: Race and PedagogyWatch Dr. Dadabhoy and Dr. Nedda Mehdizadeh in the first of the Folger Institutes Critical Race Conversations, then check out the rest of our conversations on YouTube. And as you say, it takes place in Moroccoand well get back to Othello in a momentbut its really interesting what you have to say about this. You write that in his day at least 50 plays featured characters that were marked as racially or religiously different from their English audiences. Shakespeare's Attitude Toward Race . One of the most obvious restrictions was that women no matter what their social position or rank may have . Hath not he set degrees and estates in all his glorious works? ELIZABETHAN BLACKNESS 5-18-21 [00:16:05]DADABHOY: I dont think its the origins of racial thinking, but I think its a very powerful example of how race is already being understood, operating in a shorthand that is legible to audiences. BOGAEV: Youre talking about George Peeles play, The Battle of Alcazar, and it was from 1594. Some of the factors that influence cultural differences in human-companion animal relationships are addressed, including the role of religion and symbolism and the role of veterinary medicine. Different cultures have unique stereotypical beliefs towards PWS. Of all creatures man is the most miserable and frail, and therewithal the proudest and disdainfullest. BOGAEV: Right. The Iberian kingdoms were practicing enslavement from about the middle of the 15th century. . We dont know what we dont know, and we dont know what we havent experienced, and how that dialogue is really important because we might be overlooking something simply because we didnt even know to ask that question. DADABHOY: But even that is so problematic, right? But also, this character, its very important to situate him within the context of the eastern Mediterranean and in the context of the Ottoman Empire. The females of all animals are less violent in their passions than the males, except the female bear and pardalis [panther], for the female of these appears more courageous than the male. It may apply sharp cures, or cut off corrupt members, let blood in what proportion it thinks fit, and as the body may spare but yet is all this power ordained by God ad aedificationem, non ad destructionem [for constructive, not destructive use]. Benefits. On the contrary, at the center of World Christianity is a story. It is generally considered foolish to marry for love, although love may occur in marriage. Turns out, these two things don't always track together. They have power to exalt low things and abase high things, and make of their subjects like men at the chess: a pawn to take a bishop or a knight, and to cry up or down any of their subjects, as they do their money. Cognitive, behavioural and. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-jxww4 At least thats how the narrative gets told, right? Cultural difference in attitudes towards stuttering among British, Arab and Chinese students: Considering home and host cultures Int J Lang Commun Disord. DADABHOY: That was my introduction to this play. Also Christ saith, by his evangelist, that in the house of his father (which is God) be many mansions. This was a period in which Englishmen had to face the fact that there were strange people in other parts of the world. And the like power have kings. After being imprisoned by her half-sister and surviving several plots designed to prevent her from ascending the throne of England, Elizabeth became queen in 1558. Although as I have said ordinarily and by the common law, the eldest son inheriteth all the lands, yet in some countries all the sons have equal portion, and that is called ganelkinde, and is in many places in Kent. Elizabethan Englishmen associated blackness with evil, death, and danger. And lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body of man. The vestiges of these dispositions exist, as we may say, in all, but are more conspicuous in those which have the strongest moral habits, and most of all in mankind; for the nature of the human subject is the most complete, so that these habits appear more conspicuous in mankind than ir other animals. The Ottomans really control much of this eastern Mediterranean geography during the time that Shakespeare is writing this play but also during the time where Shakespeare might have set this play, which would be probably about 40 years before 1603. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org Theres this moment where at the end of the play where the new king says that Muly Hamet should be skinned and his skin should be displayed as a warning to those who might follow, right? We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The Chinese culture is among the oldest cultures around the world, hence its rich history and traditions. Throughout the play, we see a difficult relation between Othello, a black man, Desdemona, a white woman and the everyone. The relationship that Romeo had with Juliet might have been different in the modern world. would have been the same (or perhaps much more intense given their lack of understanding of . Shakespeare Lightning Round: Ambereen DadabhoyHead over to Instagram TV to learn which Shakespeare play is Dadabhoys favorite and which one she thinks is overrated. emotional. Including in the world of Shakespeare studies. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power. In practice, marriages ranged over a spectrum running from arranged at one end to completely free at the other. Only a few, and recent, studies demonstrate the existence of different cultural atti-tudes towards money in a single national context (Medina, Our podcast, In the Old Age, Black Was Not Counted Fair, was produced by Richard Paul. Marriage: Early marriage was more common among the nobility and gentry than further down the social scale. Have they been granted only in favor of the wise? A good deal of mutual affection existed in most marriages, with wives occupying a separate but subordinate sphere in the family economy. The Elizabethan society had a very conservative outlook on things. And yet in the one and the other, be degrees of qualities, some pleasant to behold, some delicate or good in taste, other wholesome and medicinable, some commodious and necessary. At the centre was Queen Elizabeth I, 'The Virgin Queen' and the latter part of . An Exhortation Concerning Good Order, and Obedience to Rulers and Magistrates," Sermon preached in all English Churches in 1547: ALmighty God hath created and appointed all things in heaven, earth, and waters, in a most excellent and perfect order.