There was a big protest against the Christian Church in different parts of Europe and it ultimately resulted in the emergence of the Protestant Christian religion. All of Scandinavia ultimately adopted Lutheranism over the course of the 16th century, as the monarchs of Denmark (who also ruled Norway and Iceland) and Sweden (who also ruled Finland) converted to that faith. Leaders of the Protestants included Mtys Dvai Br, Mihly Sztrai, Istvn Szegedi Kis, and Ferenc Dvid. The Reformation in Scotland's case culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. Reform writers used existing styles, cliches and stereotypes which they adapted as needed. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic party killed between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various churches in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. The Protestant Reformation Essay - 1242 Words | Bartleby Using the German vernacular they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language. Until the 1960s, historians focused their attention largely on the great leaders and theologians of the 16th century, especially Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. At the time there was a difference . This created resentment amongst the Protestant nobility; however, the country did not experience a religiously motivated civil war. It emphasizes that the reaction to the Protestant challenge was the dominant theme of contemporary Catholicism. The Protestant teachings of the Western Church were also briefly adopted within the Eastern Orthodox Church through the Greek Patriarch Cyril Lucaris in 1629 with the publishing of the Confessio (Calvinistic doctrine) in Geneva. [3] The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Lutheranism found few adherents among the other peoples of the two countries. The Habsburgs, who ruled Spain, Austria, the Crown of Bohemia, Hungary, Slovene Lands, the Spanish Netherlands and much of Germany and Italy, were staunch defenders of the Catholic Church. Reformation ideas and Protestant church services were first introduced in cities, being supported by local citizens and also some nobles. The counter-reformation can be additionally seen as a political movement because of the loss in revenue in the Baltic provinces. The Counter-Reformation was the label for the Roman Catholic revival of the sixteenth century. [61] She was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs. Pope Innocent X declared the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times" in his apostolic brief Zelo Domus Dei. They found this in the teaching of Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther. King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther: The Reformation before Confessionalization. [67] The Welsh Protestants used the model of the Synod of Dort of 16181619. In your own words, restate the advice Ronsard gives Helene in the last two lines of his poem. Central Europe was the site of much of the Thirty Years' War and there were continued expulsions of Protestants in Central Europe up to the 19th century. What was the Counter-Reformation? | GotQuestions.org The early Puritan movement (late 16th17th centuries) was Reformed (or Calvinist) and was a movement for reform in the Church of England. These theses were highly controversial in their nature due to the questioning of Roman Catholic doctrine as well as a number of practices that had been followed by the church for centuries. [70] One of those who fled France at that time was John Calvin, who emigrated to Basel in 1535 before eventually settling in Geneva in 1536. D. involved the creation of new practices and . Q. Discuss the causes of Reformation in Europe. Also throw light on the Which led to the creation of the Church of England? ", "Protestantism and Education: Reading (the Bible) and Other Skills", "Work ethic, Protestantism, and human capital", "Beyond Work Ethic: Religion, Individual, and Political Preferences", "Does a Protestant work ethic exist? Saint Peter. What can we conclude overall about the poet's feelings for her? She finds, "in contemporary scholarship, the Reformation is now seen as a vast cultural upheaval, a social and popular movement, textured and rich because of its diversity. However, the rise of the new social history in the 1960s led to looking at history from the bottom up, not from the top down. On August 24, 1572, in the midst of celebrations of a marriage between a Catholic princess and. Unrest due to the Great Schism of Western Christianity (13781416) excited wars between princes, uprisings among the peasants, and widespread concern over corruption in the Church, especially from John Wycliffe at Oxford University and from Jan Hus at the Charles University in Prague. [29], Despite significant diversity among the early Radical Reformers, some "repeating patterns" emerged among many Anabaptist groups. Lower gender gap in school enrollment and literacy rates. Why do you think he points out Walt Whitman's poem so directly? Each state which turned Protestant had their own reformers who contributed towards the Evangelical faith. As an experimental approach to reduce the caseload in Normandy, a special court just for the trial of heretics was established in 1545 in the Parlement de Rouen. 3 Chapter 3: The Counter Reformation ~ Reaffirmation and Renewal The next sizable territories were the Landgraviate of Hesse (1526; at the Synod of Homberg) and the Electorate of Saxony (1527; Luther's homeland), Electoral Palatinate (1530s), and the Duchy of Wrttemberg (1534). Reformation - The Spiritual Life When Henry died he was succeeded by his Protestant son Edward VI, who, through his empowered councillors (with the King being only nine years old at his succession and fifteen at his death) the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland, ordered the destruction of images in churches, and the closing of the chantries. Numerous colleges and universities were set up throughout the country: the Jesuits and Piarists were important in this regard but there were contributions of other religious orders such as the Dominicans. They fled first to Holland, and then later to America to establish the English colony of Massachusetts in New England, which later became one of the original United States. [18] Pope Alexander VI (14921503) was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes. Common factors that played a role during the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation included the rise of the printing press, nationalism, simony, the appointment of Cardinal-nephews, and other corruption of the Roman Curia and other ecclesiastical hierarchy, the impact of humanism, the new learning of the Renaissance versus scholasticism, and the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy. Upon his return to the country Kihn John Casimir crowned Mary a Queen of Poland. [58] In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognised Henry as "the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England". The Reformation and Politics - Concordia Seminary Updates? The Protestant Reformation - National Geographic Society Their refusal to endorse completely all of the ritual directions and formulas of the Book of Common Prayer, and the imposition of its liturgical order by legal force and inspection, sharpened Puritanism into a definite opposition movement. It expressed an alternate vision of Christian practice, and led to the creation and rise of Protestantism, with all its individual branches. Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). Originally the Reformed Church in Poland included both the Calvinists and the Anti-trinitarians (also known as the Socinians and the Polish Brethren); however, they eventually split due to an inability to reconcile their divergent views on the Trinity. Two main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were: The treaty also effectively ended the Papacy's pan-European political power. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. The greatest geographical extent of Protestantism occurred at some point between 1545 and 1620. C. involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church. Simul justus et peccator implied that although people could improve, no one could become good enough to earn forgiveness from God. Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland: A Beleaguered Church in the Post-Reformation Era. Instead the Catholic Church undertook a long and steady campaign of persuasion. King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther: The Reformation before Confessionalization : Nowakowska, Dr Natalia: Amazon.it: Libri Some of these, like the use of local language as the liturgical language, were approved by the pope as early as in the 9th century. In 1620, the Battle of White Mountain defeated Protestants in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) who sought to have the 1609 Letter of Majesty upheld. [81] Some also fled to England and Switzerland, including Peter Vermigli. Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). Although Zwinglianism does hold uncanny resemblance to Lutheranism (it even had its own equivalent of the Ninety-five Theses, called the 67 Conclusions), historians have been unable to prove that Zwingli had any contact with Luther's publications before 1520, and Zwingli himself maintained that he had prevented himself from reading them. The Counter-Reformation Flashcards | Quizlet (The Protestant Reformation is divided into magisterial Protestantism, which employed the power of magistrates, and the radical Reformation, which at first ignored and then at times sought to overthrow the existing political order.) Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. These Puritan separatists were also known as "the Pilgrims". In the 1520s Luther's reforms spread among the mostly German-speaking inhabitants of such major cities as Danzig (now Gdask), Thorn (now Toru) and Elbing (now Elblg). Its development was stopped by the Counter-Reformation, the Inquisition and also popular disinterest. Besides the Waldensians already present in France, Protestantism also spread in from German lands, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots; this eventually led to decades of civil warfare. Most current estimates place the world's Protestant population in the range of 800 million to more than 1billion. In the early 16th century, Spain had a different political and cultural milieu from its Western and Central European neighbours in several respects, which affected the mentality and the reaction of the nation towards the Reformation. Spanish Protestants who were able to flee the country were to be found in at least a dozen cities in Europe, such as Geneva, where some of them embraced Calvinist teachings. The Reformation had to be a political event. Between 1520 and 1550, printing presses in Spain were tightly controlled and any books of Protestant teaching were prohibited. This document outlined Luther's grievances with the Catholic Church, including their sale of indulgences, their corruption, and their lack of scriptural authority. Peace of Augsburg in 1555 officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state. Improved training and education for some Roman Catholic priests. Four years later, at the Diet of Vsters, the king succeeded in forcing the diet to accept his dominion over the national church. Fewer referendums on leisure, state intervention, and redistribution in Swiss cantons with more Protestants. The study and practice of music was encouraged in Protestant-majority countries. His wife, Catherine of Aragon, bore him only a single child who survived infancy, Mary. Cities with strong cults of saints were less likely to adopt Protestantism. Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. Luxembourg, a part of the Spanish Netherlands, remained Catholic during the Reformation era because Protestantism was illegal until 1768. [citation needed], Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible. Erasmus and Louis de Berquin who was martyred in 1529), sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Historical Context for The Protestant Reformation In 1558 the Transylvanian Diet of Turda decreed the free practice of both the Catholic and Lutheran religions, but prohibited Calvinism. The veneration of some saints, certain pilgrimages and some pilgrim shrines were also attacked. It covered the following five areas: Doctrine (ideology) Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration. Luther's influence had already reached Iceland before King Christian's decree. Founded in 1538, the university was situated in an area of Eastern Hungary under Ottoman Turkish rule during the 1600s and 1700s, being allowed Islamic toleration and thus avoiding Counter-Reformation persecution. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Reformation-Causes-and-Effects. Influence of the Reformation on Political Thought