Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Write a paragraph or two. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. 2. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Mary was spared. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. West Yorkshire, In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . The war was going badly for England. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . . - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. They began to revolt against the Spanish. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Company Reg no: 04489574. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. One was debt. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Henry himself gave people cause . Copy. It had to deal with Irish . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. First English colony in Virginia established. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. migration? - navy to firth of Forth. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Spouse: None. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . VAT reg no 816865400. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. LS23 6AD The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Boston Spa, Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. . Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. 214 High Street, France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Student / You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Company Reg no: 04489574. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Doodle's Point of View Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Why was France a threat? Dedicated to. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. 214 High Street, In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. Become a Member | Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Use your outline The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. LS23 6AD Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Norfolk was killed in 1572. - rebelling of scottish lords. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Best Answer. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. Roman Catholics . The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. LS23 6AD Save. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. This meant atholics did not think . As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly?