Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? a. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? d. classical conditioning. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. b. hypotheses. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. What if? d. countertransference. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. c. phallic stage. b. develop depression even when not under stress. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. 102. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. Is there merit to this view? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. b. behavioral-focused Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. 78. 64. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? d. existential. 63. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. 166. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" This is called the absolute refractory period. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. Which would be a part of your paradigm? c. depression. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. d. psychoanalytic therapy. 34. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? d. catharsis. A general term used for Freuds and Jungs theories is: a. psychiatric. b. superego. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. c. enmeshed. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? a. psychodynamic Communication in the nervous system. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. Figure 2.10. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. c. illogical thinking. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. 69. 19. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. a. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. b. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. a. psychodynamic a. Neurotransmitters are released. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. b. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. The biological model is generally well respected today but suffers a few key issues. More on that over the next two sections. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. 12. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. 23. a. catharsis. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. Genetic issues and explanations. 161. c. unconditional positive regard. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. b. existential b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. c. sociocultural. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. 1. bodily sensations. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? 154. a. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. None of the models are complete within themselves. 66. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? 149. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. How so? b. rationalization. 113. b. cognitive-behavioral It is difficult to research this perspective. This might even affect how you interact with them. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. Module Overview. 22. c. maintenance. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. How so? d. client-centered therapy. 62. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. Communication in the Nervous System. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. a. modeling. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. 116. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. b. humanistic-existential. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. 2.3.1.3. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. 107. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. How so? In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. c. social networks. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. 90. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. 118. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. d. humanists. This thought is an example of: a. depression. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. 35. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. c. superego. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. c. role-playing. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. The brain. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. 39. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. c. sociocultural 56. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. d. known risk and protective factors. 152. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities.