";s:4:"text";s:29072:"Lettuces, in particular, are highly susceptible to dangers like e.coli. If you decide to mix short- and long-day plants in one growing system, it is best to compromise their needs and pick a lighting schedule that is right in the middle: around 14 hours of light per day. Plugs are really better but use what you have. In fact, many growers remove the entire plant, root system and all, to prepare it for retail sale. Remember, lettuce is an incredibly easy plant to grow hydroponically. Plants mostly require light in wavelengths of around 430,450,650,675 nano meters (depending on the crop), with highly varied intensity requirements from crop to crop. The main types of hydroponic systems are the DWC, drip irrigation, ebb and flow, Kratky method, NFT, and the wick system. How to Change the Ballast on a Fluorescent Light Fixture, The 11 Best Indoor Garden Systems of 2023, 5 Different Fluorescent Tube Sizes and How to Choose One. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. They are worth the investment because one small mistake or simply forgetting to turn the lights on or off has the potential to dramatically affect your plants growth and production rates. Light is measured by DLI or daily light integral. The primary reason for washing vegetables is contact with soil. How many hours of light does hydroponic lettuce need? Learn More About Our Innovative Hydroponic Greenhouses. Plant lettuce seeds or seedlings in small pots or plugs filled with a soilless growing medium, like coconut coir or peat moss. An electronic timer is especially necessary if you are growing a variety of different plants. PAR is more accurate but for practical purpose lumens is useful if you know the spectrum of the light. Mattson said the relative humidity for lettuce and leafy greens should be between 50-70 percent. But generally, you can use half the manufacturers recommended feeding amount. Eunice has been gardening for over 15 years and has developed a unique style of landscaping that is both practical and aesthetically pleasing. This is why we have put together information on hydroponic lettuce light requirements for you.Advertisement.box-3{text-align:center;padding-top:20px!important;padding-bottom:20px!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;background-color:#eee!important;outline:1px solid #dfdfdf;min-height:305px!important}if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'growertoday_com-box-3','ezslot_11',104,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-growertoday_com-box-3-0'); One simple vegetable to grow with hydroponics is lettuce and its a perfect vegetable to start with especially for beginners. Your lettuce plants prefer a stable pH level of 5.5 to 6.0, in most hydroponic growing systems. "High humidity favors powdery mildew and Botrytis," he said. A lot of commercial lettuce is grown this way. The roots that are above the waterline become air roots that supply oxygen to the plant. Growing lettuce needs full sun exposure for at least 6 h per day. She loves nothing more than spending time in her garden, tending to her plants and enjoying the outdoors. Rating: 4.7 / 5. Set the timer to control the frequency and duration of the water pump. This powder fertilizer has all of the essential macro and micronutrients that lettuce needs, you just need to add water. designed to provide a means for sites to earnadvertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. Examples include rice, eggplant, roses, and corn. 4. The Kratky method uses no pumps or airstones. Incidentally using a CFL light is a great way to start seeds. It is essential to choose an energy-efficient light to save on electricity costs. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. It is there to support the plants and block light coming through into the reservoir. You will need a large container like a tub or barrel for the nutrient solution. To learn more, read our guide to hydroponic romaine lettuce. Masterblend Complete Combo Kit Fertilizer. The good news is that hydroponic lettuce, since it typically doesnt have to travel long distances to get to the consumer, tends to last quite a bit longer than most soil-grown lettuces. It is fine as is. Full light from the sun can cause lettuce to go into the flowering phase (bolt) and turn bitter. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. If the plants are not receiving enough light, they may become spindly or fail to thrive. Romaine lettuce. Lettuce doesn't demand a lot of light, so start with anywhere from 10 to 14 hours of moderate to low light each day. It is not that accurate, but it will tell you if you are in the zone. @BRM if you use 80 watt compact fluorescent light (CFL) you don't need a ballast just plug it in normal fitting. Hydroponic lettuce growing with indoor lighting. Preparing a Vegetable Garden Site. Dont worry it is really easy. I have had success with an 80 watt compact fluorescent light (CFL) within 5 cm of the plants, you can grow at least 6 plants. Naturally, lettuces develop leaves incredibly quickly, but putting them in hydroponic systems is like super-charging them. Otherwise, you are just guessing. Make sure to provide the lettuce plants with about 10 to 14 hours of fluorescent lighting every day. This makes it important to maintain ideal temperature ranges when growing lettuce hydroponically. It flourishes under growth chamber conditions. Temperatures that are even slightly lower than this will be helpful for the lettuce at night. Check the nutrient solution regularly and add more as needed. When it comes to lighting, no one has an accurate answer. I have been to many hydroponics stores and seen almost all the lettuce hydroponics videos on youtube. Budget: A total of 306.72 kWh of energy was used growing lettuce hydroponically with 48 LED lighting fixtures on for 18 hours each day. There are three main types of hydroponic systems: a nutrient film technique, an Ebb and Flow System, and a Wick system (Figure 2). You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Classic Romaine. Fourteen to 16 hours of sunlight is ideal. Lettuce seedlings should get about 18 hours of sunlight or grow lights daily, followed by 6 hours of darkness. An electric timer allows you to take care of this hassle-free and change it according to your needs as your garden evolves. It is cheap and easy to set up. Cost of electricity per day: $31.80 Commercial price and $38.52 per day for a private residence An average hydroponic farm profit margin of 12 basil and 12 lettuce during a 3.6-week harvest cycle is $10,482. Your tote can be any size but it should be opaque. For most varieties, you can have fresh, healthy leaves ready to harvest within six to eight weeks. This includes keeping the nutrient. Growing conditions for hydroponics - Vanilla Planfolia and Saffron (Crocus Sativus), Lighting for indoor citrus to produce full fruit, How to handle a hobby that makes income in US, Bulk update symbol size units from mm to map units in rule-based symbology, Euler: A baby on his lap, a cat on his back thats how he wrote his immortal works (origin?). Commercial growers across the world produce millions and millions of dollars of the stuff each year. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Manage Settings Most lettuce varieties will regrow three to five times if harvested carefully. And fluorescent light works best as it is of a reasonable cost, especially if you are a beginner and are only trying out. You do not want light getting in the reservoir. Boosting the nitrogen levels in your nutrient solution can fix the problem. A nutrient solution is made by combining a balance of hydroponic nutrients with purified water. Some popular choices include lettuce, tomatoes, and herbs. Too much more than that (150-200k) and you'll risk having too much which if I recall correctly can cause lettuce to flower (due to the heat concentration). What Types of Plants Can Grow in a Hydroponic Garden? Start them in starter plugs like Root Riots or in Jiffy pellets That way you wont have to wash off the dirt like you do with store bought transplants. ). What is the best nutrient for hydroponic lettuce? Mary has been a Master Gardener for 30+ years and a commercial and residential gardener for 50+ years. As long as the plants share similar nutritional needs, they can be grown in the same container or from the same reservoir. . The nutrient solution provides the plants with all the necessary nutrients to grow. From personal experience I know these lights work well with lettuce and basil. In fact, harsher light increases the bitterness you'll experience in a leaf. I also use a computer fan in the grow area as air flow is important. Hydroponic lettuce may taste different based on the nutrients you provide it, the temperature, and several other factors, but in general, For new growers, the easiest and most effective option is to get a, premade dry mix of nutrients specially designed for lettuce. (not recommended), Starting Your Lettuce Plants From Transplants, Growing Hydroponic Lettuce Indoors In A Hybrid Hydroponic System. All rights reserved. The required pH for hydroponic lettuce ranges from 5.6 to 6.2. Hydroponic Lettuce Nutrient Requirements Lettuce is a fast grower. We are reader supported. Also you don't need a ballast just a standard screw fitting for the light. There are a few ways lettuce can be contaminated when its grown in a hydroponic environment, but its still best to wash vegetables before consuming them. But eventually, over time the plant will go to seed or become bitter. You can grow just about anything in a hydroponic greenhouse, but it's important to choose plants that will do well in water. If a plant can get as much natural sunlight as possible, this is a huge bonus for its growing potential. Hydroponic lettuce offers a variety of types and flavors, suitable for nearly any palette. Grow lights can be energy-intensive. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'growertoday_com-leader-1','ezslot_14',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-growertoday_com-leader-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'growertoday_com-leader-1','ezslot_15',109,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-growertoday_com-leader-1-0_1');.leader-1-multi-109{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}Grow lights can be energy-intensive. When harvesting this way, you may also want to dispose of some of the leaves near the plants base if they arent as crisp as the rest. The right measure would be lumens, or PAR and I tried with 2x 900 lumens and that wasn't enough either. They can be grown all year round in a controlled environment. Put it in a warm place for a few days. Monitor the pH and temperature of the solution and adjust as needed. Today 2017, many of your indoor vertical farms are playing with the r:b ratio to affect taste, color and texture. In reality, getting to the bottom of a plants optimal light requirements is very technical. Moderately low temperatures at night of around 60 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit are great for lettuce. Another great thing about lettuce is that it grows well in tandem with other leafy vegetables and herbs. Use 1, 23W CFL (100W equalivant), 6500K bulb per plant. Indoor growers usually wont have temperature problems. and denser, sturdier lettuces, are ready to harvest in. Because hydroponic veggies never touch the soil, they arent at risk for these pests and contaminants. Ideal for lighting a defined area such as a flat or many small pots. It is also low maintenance so as a newer grower you wont have to do anything but watch it grow! They are pretty mild lights compared to LED/MH/HPS. Luckily, hydroponic growers dont need to be scientists to get the right lighting. In general, most hydroponic leafy greens offer 11-13 harvests per year with the right greenhouse conditions. Most lettuces thrive in cooler weather and typically grow outdoors in the cooler months of the spring or autumn. Financially though, you are better off using a high volume manufactured light (common bulbs) that is producing a lot of light you don't really need, but is producing a small percentage of the light you actually do need. How many hours of light does hydroponic lettuce need? Lastly, lettuce becomes more bitter with agethere isnt any getting around this. Poinsettias, strawberries, cauliflower, and chrysanthemums are short-day plants. Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. . With some aeration, the air roots wont be damaged because they can breathe even if partially submerged. Lettuce also grows best in cooler environments. However, a better strategyespecially for home growersis to periodically harvest lettuce leaves as they come in or as they are needed. The theoretically optimal lighting and enough lighting are very different things. When this happens, your lettuce plant will taste annoyingly bad. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. To get the best harvest, your lettuce should be fed a liquid organic fertilizer after each harvest. How To Keep Cut Flowers Fresh Without Water: Full Guide. Lettuce has low light requirements and they are fast-growing. Each type of bulb has pluses and minuses depending on your level of investment in hydroponics and growing needs. Watch giraffes eat our delicious hydroponic lettuce! But a grow light the gives actual numbers as stated in lux and ppfd as tested in sphere and watch out for lights that tell you " yes replaces lights of XXX watt much lower watt but dont give you a hard data sheet of the light wave length, and actual wall watt draw. How long does lettuce take to grow hydroponically? You just built yourself a Kratky for lettuce. Store your hydroponic lettuce in a refrigerator, or set it on the kitchen counter with the roots in water. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'growertoday_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',140,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-growertoday_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'growertoday_com-banner-1','ezslot_10',140,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-growertoday_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-140{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}Lets take a look at some other growing requirements: Below are the commonly grown types of hydroponic lettuces:if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'growertoday_com-box-4','ezslot_7',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-growertoday_com-box-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'growertoday_com-box-4','ezslot_8',107,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-growertoday_com-box-4-0_1');.box-4-multi-107{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Here, well discuss hydroponic lettuce, its benefits, and how to grow it. The most common types of bulbs are LED, fluorescent, metal halide (MH), and high-pressure sodium (HPS). . Lettuce will take about 21 days to grow its edible leaves and 45 to 85 days for its full head to be ready for harvest. This technique is called cut and come again. Using cut and come again, you can have fresh salads every day without the wasted time and energy of constantly replanting heads of lettuce from seed. Although natural sunlight is the ideal lighting source for growing plants, artificial lighting for indoor systems can provide a good substitute within the appropriate color spectrum. In hydroponics, light, temperature, water, and nutrition are all controlled to a T, so theres nothing to hold your lettuce back. A 40w tube light is definitely not enough either. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Your tomatoes should get at least 12-18 hours of light daily. Unless their grow lights are throwing off too much heat onto their lettuce heads. While it would initially appear you want more blue light, that is not how photosynthesis works when you get down to the nuts and bolts. Ballasts are sometimes sold as a part of the lamp assembly, but these are usually far too hot and heavy. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. About the 6400K (how it will often be listed) lights, they are also known as "day light" or "natural", but you can not trust these descriptions. The most common types of bulbs are LED, fluorescent, metal halide (MH), and high-pressure sodium (HPS). Usually, it takes about 3 weeks for the first edible leaf to emerge and about 45 to 85 days to get the full head harvest. A 40w tube light is definitely not enough either. Which most regular vendors also do not know. The high temperature will cause your lettuce plant to bolt or go into the flowering phase. I found some for only 6 USD in my local store here in Berlin. In my answer there is a link, you can pick up a CFL for like $30. Soil can expose plants to E. coli and Salmonella, as well as other bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects. Since theyre delicious and versatile, theyre also perfect for your hydroponic farm. Some varieties like Butterhead and Romain are ready to harvest in just three or four weeks. With lettuce hydroponics, it's best to germinate your seeds in an egg carton or similar environment, filling the spaces with the growing medium you prefer. You can keep these light features in mind when choosing a grow light: All plants have different light spectrum requirements. Does Counterspell prevent from any further spells being cast on a given turn? You can also severely cut down on the amount of light (and electrcity) you need to use, by putting highly reflective material around the lights, so it bounces back on the plants. Heading lettuce takes longer to finish but can be done in about 45 days. You can use a pH test kit. rev2023.3.3.43278. Normally you fill your Kratky system once at the start and just let the level go down naturally. This pH range is acidic enough to reduce the activities of algae and at this pH range, plants can absorb nutrients adequately for their growth. Here are the steps you can follow to build your hydroponic system: Several parts determine the efficiency of a grow light. Kratky lettuce needs a minimum of 6 hours of sunlight per day, but 8-10 hours is ideal. When you think hydroponics, the first vegetable that comes to mind is probably lettuce. If you start plants with seeds it will take a few weeks longer than starting with transplants. Get daily tips & tricks to help make your best home, The 10 Best Grow Lights of 2023, Tested and Reviewed. Unlike certain plants, you don't need to change the lighting photoperiod as the plants grow. This way, you can extend your yields and get great value out of each plant. When your plant gets old and begins to taste bitter, its time to harvest and plant a new seedling in its place. Another reason your lettuce is bitter is because of nitrogen deficiency. For outdoor hydroponic systems, this is a concern. Timers are the least expensive piece of the lighting system, but they are incredibly important. How much light do hydroponics strawberries need? One reason hydroponic lettuce is such a popular option is that most varieties grow quickly and can be harvested more than once. You need to maintain at least 60-75% relative air humidity-a higher nighttime humidity benefits nutrient movement during the day. By mixing one part Tomato and Vegetable Formula, one part calcium nitrate, and one-half part Epsom salt with pure water, you get a hydroponic fertilizer concentrate that can be diluted and make an incredible nutrient solution. You can just set up a simple Kratky lettuce grow or you can adopt some of my modifications if you want something a bit more complicated. In order to get your lettuce started, water your nursery every other day and keep it in a well-lit or naturally sunny area where it is between 65 and 80 Fahrenheit (18.3-26.6 Celsius). A good nutrient mix for lettuce is, for every 5 gallons of water, 2 teaspoons of 18-15-36 NPK organic fertilizer and then 2 teaspoons of calcium nitrate and 1 teaspoon of magnesium sulphate of you want to make your own. Compared to many options, romaine lettuce is one of the easiest plants to grow hydroponically. Lettuce is the type of plants that don't require much light as other plants would. Unlike metal halide and high pressure sodium lights you can position the light close to the plants without burning them. I would recommend using House And Garden Aqua Flakes because it is easy to calibrate without a meter. By mixing one part Tomato and Vegetable Formula, one part calcium nitrate, and one-half part Epsom salt with pure water, you get a hydroponic fertilizer concentrate that can be diluted and make an incredible nutrient solution. I added the wicks to move water up to the pots as the water level drops. We grew red-leaf lettuce 'Rouxai' in an indoor deep-flow hydroponic system at 22 C air temperature and ambient CO2. You should maintain your hydroponic system to ensure your lettuce grows as quickly as possible. But I think its overkill. Hydroponic lettuce needs a high-quality nutrient solution to survive and thrive. He said the lower humidity helps to limit pathogen issues. Once established, you can lower the temperature slightly, keeping it around 55F at night and 75F during the day. For instance, the Kratky method and the wick system are passive and require no pumps or energy to work, while others ensure proper oxygenation and lower the risk of root rot. My system started out as a standard Kratky method grow. Outside, a vegetable garden requires around eight hours of direct sun per day. Fruiting plants like tomatoes and peppers like a spectrum high in red light. Hydroponic lettuce may taste bitter for four reasons: temperature, nutrition, water, and age. Just use a red:blue ratio of 5:2 and you'll find that works best. The roots in the water are feeder roots. How to use Slater Type Orbitals as a basis functions in matrix method correctly? Bolting just means that growth in the lettuce quickly shifts from leaf growth to flower and seed growth. How long does lettuce take to grow in hydroponics? Start small and experiment, you can add more if you like. The color of your lettuce may impact your light requirements. Step 1: Pour one gallon of distilled or reverse osmosis water into a clean bucket. For most leafy greens use a red:blue ratio of 5:2, this will be sufficient to promote good growth. That is it! We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. 2022 Eden Green Technology. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'growertoday_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_12',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-growertoday_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'growertoday_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_13',114,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-growertoday_com-large-leaderboard-2-0_1');.large-leaderboard-2-multi-114{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. At the same time, hydroponic lettuce systems can be scaled and monetized incredibly well. How Much Light Does Kratky Lettuce Need? As soon as you start growing lettuce, you should use fluorescent grow lights to illuminate it. How to Build a Hydroponic System For Lettuce? This isn't really an answer, but have you considered running small-scale experiments? Neither is needed but I think there is an advantage to adding airstones. Lettuce does well in cooler temperatures. 1 Artificial lighting for a hydroponic garden should imitate direct and indirect sunlight requirements. Hydroponic strawberries need at least 8 - 12 hours of direct sunlight daily. They grow fast, produce well, and have a small footprint in your grow space. Gardening & Landscaping Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for gardeners and landscapers. The adequate light duration for lettuce is about 10 to 12 hours. No matter where you are in your hydroponic journey, lettuce could be the right vegetable for you. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Hydroponic Lettuce Growing Light Requirements, Types Of Low Light Lettuce Grown In Hydroponic. If you go larger they will fall through. Lettuces don't need a lot of light to grow. Approximately 80-100k will be adequate. Fletcher, I guess you meant 400 to 450nm wavelength for Lettuce? Normally you fill the container at the start and when the water runs out the grow is done. 25 Best Plants for Stem Cuttings | Multiply Your Collection! The amount of light varies depending on what type of plants you are growing. The ballast is a power box that powers the light. It doesnt have to be dark. Check Price at Amazon . But with so many types of lettuce available, how do you pick just one (or even just a few)? The store is trying to push a huge T5 lighting system. To be most effective, each light should be a specific distance from the plants: Fluorescent lights should be 3 to 12 inches above the tops of the plants; HID s, 24 to 60 inches; and LED s, 12 to 24 inches. Some types of Butterhead lettuce are dark green or red. The lid on my 10 gallon tote is about 15 by 20 inches and I cut out 12 holes about 4 inches on center. Also, the soil itself may be present on the plant, which no one wants to eat. Factors should include your system size and what type of plants you are growing. Lettuce can be fed at about 600 ppms and a pH around 6. Each of these setups has something to offer. Short-day plants: These require a long period of darkness to photosynthesize and produce flowers. The best way to provide this light is through fluorescent grow lights, which are ideal especially when you are first starting your lettuce garden. Daily light integrals below 6.5 mol m 2 d 1 could greatly compromise growth and quality of pick-and-eat lettuce, potentially leading to an unsuccessful consumer experience. "cool white" (more "blue") lights tend to be more beneficial for vegetative growth, while "warm white" (more "red") helps flowering growth, I believe, so if you get a shop light, get the cool white bulbs for this. Are you thinking about growing hydroponic lettuce indoors? Do new devs get fired if they can't solve a certain bug? But you cant plant them the way they are. The morning lettuce will taste sweet and the heat-burdened afternoon lettuce will taste bitter. They include wheat, lettuce, potatoes, spinach, and turnips. I planted a mixed pack of leaf lettuce so I have 3 or 4 different kinds. I also added a wick system to it. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. They don't grow fast as in summer, but they do grow. This also allows you to use lights that give off less heat, saving on electricity and cooling costs. I am beginning to get into indoor hydroponics to grow lettuce, I haven't figured out which type of lettuce to grow yet, I am thinking of a butterhead. I'm guessing they grow toward blue light more than red. Also, keep on top of potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels to keep your plants healthy. [10] 2 Transplant your seedlings to the reservoir. By 80 Watt, I guess you mean an 80 Watt (incandescent) equivalent. amazon.com/dp/B0040B2S2S/?tag=stackoverfl08-20, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. ";s:7:"keyword";s:43:"how much light does hydroponic lettuce need";s:5:"links";s:837:"The Hub Fca Group Login,
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