";s:4:"text";s:29045:"General Spaatz Presents Distinguished Service Cross to Col. Paul Tibbets as General Davies Looks On, Col. Paul Tibbets stands in front of the Enola Gay, Tinian Joint Chiefs (Purnell, Farrell, Tibbets, Parsons). EDUCATION. He was in charge of the Air Force Inspection Agency at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, from July 2011 to July 2013. Paul Tibbets Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Following his cremation, his ashes were scattered over the English Channel. [92], In 1976, the United States government apologized to Japan after Tibbets re-enacted the bombingcomplete with a mushroom cloudin a restored B-29 at an air show in Texas. Paul Tibbets, who piloted the B-29 bomber Enola Gay that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, died Thursday. Paul Tibbets Obituary (2007) - Miami, FL - the Miami Herald - Legacy.com [5] In February 2014, he became Deputy Director for Nuclear Operations at the United States Strategic Command, at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska, where he was responsible for the nuclear mission of the nation's ballistic missile submarines, intercontinental ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers. Paul Tibbitt | Encyclopedia SpongeBobia | Fandom Paul Tibbets was the pilot of B-29 bomber "Enola Gay" which dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. A few years later, Tibbets' wartime experiences were the subject of "Above and Beyond," a film released in 1952. Parents and Siblings. Paul Tibbets personally selected one of them to be his operational aircraft on May 9, 1945. Paul Warfield Tibbets IV (born 21 November 1966) is a former United States Air Force brigadier general. 87 Paul Tibbets Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images EDITORIAL All Sports Entertainment News Archival Browse 87 paul tibbets stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Paul Tibbets - IMDb Tibbets recalled that the city was covered with a tall mushroom cloud after the bomb was dropped. In September 1944, he was appointed the commander of the 509th Composite Group, which would conduct the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Following his retirement from the USAF, Tibbets served the air taxi company Executive Jet Aviation. He became a member of the founding board of the company and eventually served as its president. Tibbets retired from the United States Air Force in 1966. Son of Pilot Who Dropped A-Bomb Opposes Plan to Send U.S - Fox News He attended the United States College of Naval Command and Staff at Newport, Rhode Island, from April 2002 to June 2003, from which he obtained a Master of Arts degree in National Security and Strategic Studies. Tibbets initially wanted to become an abdominal surgeon. Lucy F Wingate was born circa 1907, at birth place, . As a colonel, he piloted the Enola Gay, which dropped the Little Boy bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Bonsai worked at the 100-F Area at Hanford during the Manhattan Project. That was the thing that I was going to do the best of my ability. The professional competence, aerial skill, and devotion to duty displayed by Captain Tibbets reflect great credit upon himself and the United States Air Force. When Major General Carl Spaatz, the commander of the Eighth Air Force, was directed to choose two of his best pilots for a covert mission, he selected Tibbets and Major Wayne Connors. Although Tibbets was too young to remember World War I, he does remember his father coming home in uniform, after serving overseas as a captain with the 33rd Infantry Division. Paul Tibbets: A Rendezvous With History (part 1) Tibbets chose the Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, from the three options of bases given to him for this top-secret project. When he was eight, his family moved to Hialeah, Florida, to escape from harsh midwestern winters. He was then assigned to the Air Command and Staff School at Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala., from which he graduated in 1947. Paul Tibbets Biography Courtesy of the Joseph Papalia Collection. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (1915-2007) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree [35] Tibbets was told that he would be in charge of the 509th Composite Group, a fully self-contained organization of about 1,800 men, which would have 15 B-29s and a high priority for all kinds of military stores. He boarded an airplane in 1927. ST: I know. [36] Tibbets selected Wendover for its remoteness.[37]. Pilot launched Atomic Age over Hiroshima - Los Angeles Times Tibbets later received an invitation from President Harry S. Truman to visit the White House. [69], In January 1958, Tibbets became commander of the 6th Air Division at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. He grew up in Montgomery, Alabama,[1] and was inspired to join the United States Air Force (USAF) not by his famous grandfather but by his father, Paul W. Tibbets III, a pharmacist and hospital administrator who served in the United States Army Reserve, retiring as a colonel. In 1959, Col. Tibbets was promoted to Brigadier General. [63] Tibbets was a technical advisor to the 1946 Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, but he and his Enola Gay crew were not chosen to drop another atomic bomb. When he was five years old the family moved to Davenport, Iowa, and then to Iowas capital, Des Moines, where he was raised, and where his father became a confections wholesaler. I'm only 87. [73] On 5 June 2015, he assumed command of the 509th Bomb Wing. On June 19, 1938, Tibbets quietly married a department store clerk named Lucy Frances Wingate in a Roman Catholic seminary in Holy Trinity, Alabama, without the knowledge of his family and commanding officer. Of the 108 aircraft in the raid, 33 were shot down or had to turn back due to mechanical problems. Did Paul Tibbets and his wife divorce? [3] After his undergraduate work, Tibbets had planned on becoming an abdominal surgeon. He then became commander of the Proof Test Division at Eglin Air Force Base in Valparaiso, Florida, where flight testing of the B-47 was conducted. Paul Tibbets was born on February 23, 1915 in Quincy, Illinois, USA. Instead, he decided to enlist in the United States Army and become a pilot in the United States Army Air Corps. Tibbets met a divorcee named Andrea Quattrehomme while he was posted in France. He also became the deputy director of the National Military Command System in June 1963. Paul Harrison Tibbitt IV is a former SpongeBob SquarePants crew member. See full bio Born: February 23, 1915 in Quincy, Illinois, USA Paul Tibbets Biography, Age, Height, Wife, Net Worth, Family Courtesy of the Joseph Papalia Collection. [3], Tibbets was denied promotion to major general, following an investigation into allegations of his misconduct during his command of the 509th Bomb Wing that included making inappropriate comments regarding women, failure to report suicide attempts under his watch, and inappropriate use of a military vehicle. [43], With the addition of the 1st Ordnance Squadron to its roster in March 1945, the 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men, almost all of whom deployed to Tinian, an island in the northern Marianas within striking distance of Japan, in May and June 1945. Birth xx xxx1936 Arkansas, USA No publicly available family members 9860People12Records12Sources Contact Tree Owner Jason Barton Tibbettsfound in 3 treesView all In one planning meeting, Norstad wanted an all-out raid on Bizerte to be flown at 6,000 feet (1,800m). Why did Lucy and desi get divorced? He was seen as a national hero who had ended the war with Japan. [6] In July 2017, he became Deputy Commander, Air Force Global Strike Command, Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. See, I'm 90. Frederick Ashworth and Paul Tibbets prior to takeoff. Family (1) Trivia (6) He was the pilot of the B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay", which dropped the atomic bomb "Little Boy" on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. [38] Tibbets indicated that the decision on what aircraft to use to deliver the bomb was left to him. He transferred to the University of Cincinnati after his second year to complete his pre-med studies there, because the University of Florida had no medical school at the time. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (23 February 1915 1 November 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. Paul Tibbets was born on February 23, 1915 in Quincy, Illinois, USA as Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. Still no regrets for frail Enola Gay pilot (Col. Paul Tibbets) He died on November 1, 2007 in Columbus, Ohio, USA. Why the pilot who dropped the bomb on Hiroshima doesn't have a grave [5] They had two sons. Elmira's connection with Paul Tibbets Jr. and the Enola Gay Tibbets was made the deputy of Colonel Frank A. Armstrong Jr. after the latter replaced group commander Lieutenant Colonel Cornelius W. Cousland. Tibbets passed away on November 1, 2007. He spent 22 months there on this posting, which ended in June 1966. He is best known as the aircraft captain who flew the B-29 Superfortress known as the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped a Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Paul Tibbets was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. Bien qu'ignorant le plein potentiel de cette nouvelle arme, il sait qu'elle peut faire normment plus de dgts que n'importe quelle autre arme utilise auparavant, et que le nombre de morts rsultant d'elle sera norme. [4] On 25 February 1937, he enlisted in the army at Fort Thomas, Kentucky, and was sent to Randolph Field in San Antonio, Texas, for primary and basic flight instruction. [1], Because he went to a military school, attended some college, and had some flight experience, Tibbets qualified for the Aviation Cadet Training Program. I'm only 87. Although unaware of the full potential of this new weapon, he knows that it is capable of doing tremendously more damage than any other weapon used before, and that the death toll resulting from it will be enormous. Sources . The couple divorced in 1955. He was 92. Tom Ferebee, Paul Tibbets, Dutch Van Kirk, and Bob Lewis. Explore historical records and family tree profiles about Lucy Tibbets on MyHeritage, the world's family history network. 2023 Wiki Biography & Celebrity Profiles as wikipedia, Dave Ingram Wiki, Biography, Age, Net Worth, Family, Instagram, Twitter, Social Profiles & More Facts, Virginie Thevenet Wiki, Biography, Age, Wife, Family, Net Worth, Harold Tichenor Wiki, Biography, Age, Wife, Family, Net Worth. In order to disguise all the civilian engineers on base who were working on the Manhattan Project, Tibbets was forced to lie to his wife; he told her that the engineers were "sanitary workers". For Tibbets, the war in North Africa introduced him to the realities of aerial warfare. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/paul-tibbets-9377.php. Tibbetss grandson, Paul Warfield Tibbets IV, is a former USAF brigadier general. BRIG GEN Paul Tibbets, RIP | Military.com At 08:15 local time, they dropped the atomic bomb, code-named Little Boy, over Hiroshima. Paul III was born in 1940, in Columbus, Georgia, and graduated from Huntingdon College and Auburn University. Famously known by the Family name Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr., was a great United States Air Force pilot. Wiki Bio of Paul Tibbets net worth is . My father said 'You seem to be very interested in serving what do you want to do with your life?' But my one driving interest was to do the best job I could so that we could end the killing as quickly as possible. Paul Warfield Tibbets III (1940-2016) FamilySearch [22], In the leadup to Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, the commander of the Eighth Air Force, Major General Carl Spaatz was ordered to provide his best two pilots for a secret mission. [20][21], On that first mission, Tibbets saw in real time that his bombs were falling on innocent civilians. Tibbets did not inform his family or his commanding officer, and the couple arranged for the notice to be kept out of the local newspaper. [64], Tibbets then attended the Air Command and Staff School at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. He displayed exceptional courage, skill, and endurance while flying a 30-hour combat mission, penetrating an advanced integrated air defense system that included an impressive array of ground threats, with no suppression/destruction of enemy air defense or offensive counter-air support available. Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by Major General Carl Spaatz immediately after landing on Tinian. From August to November 1995, Tibbets was trained as T-38 pilot instructor at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, and then served as a T-38 instructor with the 394th Combat Training Squadron at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri. You can scroll down for information about his Social media profiles. The result of this attack was tremendous damage to the city of Hiroshima, contributing materially to the effectiveness of our strikes against the enemy. For more on Tibbets, see Manhattan Project Spotlight: Paul Tibbets. From September 1944 until May 1945, Tibbets and the 509th Composite Group trained extensively at Wendover Air Force Base in Wendover, Utah. [6] The younger son, Gene Wingate Tibbets, was born in 1944, and was at the time of his death in 2012 residing in Georgiana in Butler County in southern Alabama. Paul Tibbets was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. So I got you beat by three years. Tibbets married his wife, Andrea, in about 1953 or 1954. He died in 2007. However, he attended for only a year and a half as he changed his mind about wanting to become a doctor. [13] It was initially based at MacDill, and then Sarasota Army Airfield, Florida, before moving to Godfrey Army Airfield in Bangor, Maine. Paul W. Tibbets IV - Wikipedia Flying the 1,500 miles of open water to the coast of Japan, he guided his plane over the island of Shikoku and the Inland Sea, threatened with the constant danger of anti-aircraft. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born in Quincy, Illinois, on 23 February 1915, the son of Paul Warfield Tibbets Sr. and his wife, Enola Gay Tibbets. When news of the successful mission appeared in American newspapers the next day, Tibbets and his family became instant celebrities. 1943 Flew Major General Mark W. Clark from Polebook to Gibraltar. Tibbets enlisted in the United States Army in 1937 and qualified as a pilot in 1938. His father worked there as a confections wholesaler. Paul Tibbets's net worth As the University of Florida had no medical school at that time, Tibbets completed his second year from the university and then took a transfer to the University of Cincinnati to finish his pre-med studies. Mrs. Anne Hopkins,. [57] The 509th Composite Group was awarded an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 1999. Wilson was the Army Air Force project officer who provided liaison support to the Manhattan Project. Gen. Paul Tibbets, Jr. - Veterans Funeral Care 1915 Paul Tibbets was born on February 23, 1915 in Quincy, Illinois, USA as Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. In July 2017, he became Deputy Commander, Air Force Global Strike Command, Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. Tibbets returned to Maxwell Air Force Base, where he attended the Air War College. [8][76] Tibbets had asked for no funeral or headstone, because he feared that opponents of the bombing might use it as a place of protest or destruction. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born on February 23, 1915, in Quincy, Illinois. On this date Colonel Tibbets flew a B-29 type aircraft in a daring daylight strike against the city of Hiroshima on the main island of Honshu, Japan, from a base in the Marianas Islands carrying for the first time a type of bomb totally new to modern warfare. Gen. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., seen here, says Friday's visit to Hiroshima by U.S. [53] The regularly assigned aircraft commander, Robert A. Lewis, was unhappy to be displaced by Tibbets for this important mission, and became furious when he arrived at the airfield on the morning of 6 August to see the aircraft he considered his painted with the now-famous nose art. Le Grand Secret Film. O Regarder le Streaming Online He is best known as the pilot who flew the B-29 Superfortress known as the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Paul Tibbets (Pilot) - Overview, Biography - Celeb Networth Post In the 1950s, he was involved in the development of the Boeing B-47 Stratojet and also held the command of the 308th Bombardment Wing and the 6th Air Division. He served as a military attach in India for a couple of years. Some accounts say he attended Central Elementary School, others Silver Bluff. He graduated from Western Military Academy in Alton, Ill., in 1933, and later attended the University of Florida and the . Brig. . At the time of his death, he was -2007 years old. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born in Quincy, Illinois, on 23 February 1915, the son of Paul Warfield Tibbets Sr. and his wife, Enola Gay Tibbets. In his later years, he. [17], Tibbets flew the lead bomber Butcher Shop[18] for the first American daylight heavy bomber mission on 17 August 1942, a shallow-penetration raid against a marshalling yard in Rouen in Occupied France, with Armstrong as his co-pilot. Was Lucy Tibbetts divorced from Paul Tibbetts? - Answers He married Sarah Frost about 1726, in Dover Neck, Strafford, New Hampshire, British Colonial America. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_W._Tibbets.JPG, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Tibbets_2003.jpg. Paul Tibbets: Hey, you've got to correct that. [3] There, he qualified on the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, making him one of the few pilots qualified to fly all three of the USAF's strategic bombers: the B-1, B-2 and B-52. deRussy. Listen to Paul Tibbets's Oral History on Voices of the Manhattan Project, Manhattan Project Spotlight: Paul Tibbets. Lucy Tibbets - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage It dawned on Tibbets that:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, I am just like that if I get to thinking about some innocent person getting hit on the ground. His citation read: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Flying Cross to Captain Paul W. Tibbets IV, United States Air Force, for extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight as a B-2 Mission Commander, at or near Yugoslavia, on 8 April 1999. Tibbets remains a polarizing figure to this day. "[25], Tibbets had flown 25 combat missions against targets in France[13] when the 97th Bomb Group was transferred to North Africa as part of Major General Jimmy Doolittle's Twelfth Air Force. [62] Colonel William H. Blanchard replaced Tibbets as group commander on 22 January 1946, and also became the first commander of the 509th Bombardment Wing, the successor to the 509th Composite Group. Lewis would fly the mission as Tibbets's co-pilot. [13] When the head of the directorate, Brigadier General Thomas S. Power, was posted to London as air attach, he was replaced by Brigadier General Carl Brandt. [3] On 5 June 2015, he assumed command of the 509th Bomb Wing. He had named the aircraft after his mother. Paul Tibbets - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia "[61], The 509th Composite Group returned to the United States on 6 November 1945, and was stationed at Roswell Army Airfield, New Mexico. [1] In June 1941, Tibbets transferred to the 9th Bombardment Squadron of the 3d Bombardment Group at Hunter Field, Savannah, Georgia, as the engineering officer, and flew the A-20 Havoc. Furthermore, two representatives from Washington, D.C. were present on the island:[44] the deputy director of the Manhattan Project, Brigadier General Thomas Farrell, and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee. Paul Warfield Tibbets, Sr. (1889 - 1968) - Genealogy - geni family tree After his undergraduate work, Tibbets had planned on becoming an abdominal surgeon. Paul Tibbets - Ancestry.com Brig. He was the Deputy Director for Nuclear Operations in the Global Operations Directorate of the United States Strategic Command, where he was responsible for the nuclear mission of the nation's ballistic missile submarines, intercontinental ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers. On 6 May the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas, while the group's materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner. He was the pilot of the B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, which dropped the atomic bomb Little Boy on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. One day, his mother agreed to pay one dollar to get him into an airplane at the local carnival. He was born on 1 November 2007, in Columbus, Ohio.Columbus is a beautiful and populous city located in Columbus, Ohio United States of America. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. It was piloted by Doug Davis and dropped candy bars to the crowd that attended the Hialeah Park Race Track races. The first American daylight heavy bomber mission saw Tibbets flying the lead bomber Butcher Shop on August 17, 1942, with Armstrong as his co-pilot, while raiding in Rouen in Occupied France, against a marshaling yard. [40] During a meeting with these "sanitary engineers", Tibbets was told by Robert Oppenheimer that his aircraft might not survive the shock waves from an atomic bomb explosion. [1] The B-18s were used as an intermediate trainer, which pilots flew after basic flight training in a Cessna UC-78 and before qualifying in the B-17. On June 26, 1940, young pilot Lt. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., was summoned to aid Col. Samuel R. Hopkins, whose wife and son were in a terrible automobile accident near Elmira. Explore Paul Tibbets Wiki Age, Height, Biography as Wikipedia, Wife, Family relation. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he flew anti-submarine patrols over the Atlantic. Paul Tibbets was a retired Air Force brigadier general who flew the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. When challenged by Norstad, Tibbets said he would lead the mission himself at 6,000 feet if Norstad would fly as his co-pilot. Trusted by millions of genealogists since 2003. . After leaving the Air Force in 1966, he worked for Executive Jet Aviation, serving on the founding board and as its president from 1976 until his retirement in 1987. Colonel (later General) Paul Tibbets was the pilot of the Enola Gay, the B-29 that dropped the "Little Boy" atomic bomb over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. I was told that it wasn't because of who I was, but because it was the best fit."[2]. After he graduated in June 1955, he became Director of War Plans at the Allied Air Forces in Central Europe Headquarters at Fontainebleau, France. Accordingly, Tibbets first flew Major General Mark W. Clark to Gibraltar from Polebrook and then the supreme allied commander, Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower, to Gibraltor a few weeks later. Paul Warfield Tibbets III Obituary - Tribute Archive Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr., the Army Air Forces pilot whose bombing run over Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945 introduced nuclear war, died Thursday at his home in Columbus, Ohio. In 1934, he became an initiated member of the Sigma Nu fraternitys Epsilon Zeta chapter. He is from USA. He was already an experienced B-29 pilot, which made him an ideal candidate for the top-secret project. In February 1943, Tibbets returned to the United States to help with the development of the B-29 Superfortress bomber. [11] Tibbets remained on temporary duty with the 3d Bombardment Group, forming an anti-submarine patrol at Pope Army Airfield, North Carolina, with 21 B-18 Bolo medium bombers. Died Nov. 1, 2007.General Tibbets was born in Quincy, Ill., in 1915. Paul Tibbetss income source is mostly from being a successful Actor. Many considered him responsible for ending the war with Japan. For his service in Operation Allied Force, Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Northumberland man was navigator on Enola Gay crew Early life [ edit] [9] Due to fears that German U-boats might enter Tampa Bay and bombard MacDill Field, the 29th Bombardment Group moved to Savannah. In March 1944, a year after the developmental testing of the bomber, Tibbets was made the director of operations of the 17th Bombardment Operational Training Wing.. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. With his large number of social media fans, he often posts many personal photos and videos to interact with his huge fan base on social media platforms. In June 2015, he assumed command of the 509th Bomb Wing. [1], After graduation, Tibbets was assigned to the 16th Observation Squadron, which was based at Lawson Field, Georgia, with a flight supporting the Infantry School at nearby Fort Benning. This article is about the WWII United States Air Force pilot. 75 Years Ago: The Flight of the Enola Gay - National Air and Space Museum C. E. Centerworked for theUnion Carbide & Carbon Corporation. Paul Tibbets Wiki, Biography, Age, Wife, Family, Net Worth 35the Enola Gay departed North Field for Hiroshima, Japan, with Tibbets at the controls. He was married to Andrea P. Quattrehomme and Lucy Frances Wingate. [55], Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by Spaatz immediately after landing on Tinian. He was married to Andrea P. Quattrehomme and Lucy Frances Wingate. [83] Tibbets was also the model for screenwriter Sy Bartlett's fictional character "Major Joe Cobb" in the film Twelve O'Clock High (1949), and for a brief period in February 1949 was slated to be the film's technical advisor until his replacement at the last minute by Colonel John H. [84] Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb, a 1980 made-for-television movie, somewhat fictionalized, told the story of Tibbets crew. American War Hero Remembered - WSFA Courtesy of the Joseph Papalia Collection. "[27], Tibbets did not get along well with Norstad, or with Doolittle's chief of staff, Brigadier General Hoyt Vandenberg. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant, and was sent to Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, for undergraduate pilot training. ";s:7:"keyword";s:19:"paul tibbets spouse";s:5:"links";s:869:"1/2 Cup Black Beans Nutrition Facts,
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